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1.
Rev. chil. med. intensiv ; 23(2): 85-93, 2008. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-516239

ABSTRACT

Los suicidios son un grave problema de salud pública a nivel mundial. La relación que existe entre la autoagresión y el suicidio determina que la consulta en el servicio de urgencia de un paciente con ingesta medicamentosa voluntaria se transforme en una oportunidad de intervención en dos planos: toxicológico y psiquiátrico. La adecuada valoración del riesgo empleando criterios objetivos y la actitud del personal de la unidad de emergencia en relación con el intento suicida son factores determinantes en el manejo y seguimiento de los pacientes. Por otro lado, la aproximación toxicológica debe abordar aspectos clínicos específicos como los toxidromes, los que pueden guiar las acciones diagnósticas y terapéuticas. Se recomienda efectuar la descontaminación gástrica con carbón activado dentro de las dos horas siguientes a la ingesta del tóxico o durante períodos más prolongados en caso de fármacos que retrasen el vaciamiento gástrico. El uso de jarabe de ipeca y el lavado gástrico no se recomiendan dado que no han demostrado su eficacia en el manejo de los pacientes. En algunas intoxicaciones se dispone de antídotos específicos, como la N-acetilcisteína en la intoxicación con paracetamol, reduciendo el riesgo de falla orgánica y muerte.


Suicide and its attempts are a world health issue. The close relation between self harm and suicide makes the emergency department visit of a patient with a non-accidental medication overdose an extraordinary opportunity of intervention as far the patient is approach from a toxicological and psychiatric perspective. In this last aspect, the management of self harm is paramount in the subsequent follow-up of these patients. There are several useful criteria in the assessment of these patients. In this review article, we describe the epidemiology of poisoning around the world, review physical examination findings and laboratory data that may aid the emergency physician in recognizing a toxidrome (symptom complex of specific poisoning) or specific poisoning, and describe a rational and systematic approach to the poisoned patient. It is important to recognize that there is a paucity of evidence-based information on the management of poisoned patient.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Emergencies , Poisoning/psychology , Poisoning/therapy , Suicide, Attempted , Acetaminophen/poisoning , Poisoning/complications , Risk Factors , Self-Injurious Behavior , Suicide/statistics & numerical data
2.
Rev. chil. med. intensiv ; 22(4): 260-266, 2007. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-520452

ABSTRACT

El mareo es un motivo de consulta frecuente en el servicio de urgencia y su evaluación sistemática consume bastante tiempo. El mareo es un síntoma difícil de definir por parte de los pacientes, lo que dificulta el proceso diagnóstico y terapéutico. Para facilitar el proceso diagnóstico, Drachman y Hart propusieron cuatro categorías diagnósticas: vértigo, presíncope, desequilibrio, y un grupo misceláneo. Las principales causas de mareos son benignas y transitorias; sin embargo, existen causas potencialmente letales que deben ser consideradas en la evaluación sistemática. El vértigo es la categoría más frecuente, su clasificación está basada en criterios cronológicos (agudo, recurrente o crónico) y topográficos (central o periférico). En la unidad de emergencia, el proceso diagnóstico está centrado en la historia clínica referida por el paciente (inicio y duración de la enfermedad, factores asociados y presencia de síntomas otoneurológicos), búsqueda de factores de riesgo cardiovascular y el examen neurológico (evaluación del nistagmo y pesquisa de signos de focalización neurológica), que permiten diferenciar los procesos benignos más prevalentes y de fácil manejo, de condiciones infrecuentes pero potencialmente graves como los accidentes cerebrovasculares. El manejo del vértigo en el servicio de urgencia es sintomático. Se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente que consulta por mareos y cefalea en el Servicio de Urgencia.


Dizziness is a common and vexing diagnostic problem in emergency departments. The term is rather undefinite and often misused, but can in practice be classified into four categories: fainting, disequilibrium, vertigo and miscellaneous syndromes. Vertigo is the most common category of dizziness. Classification of vertigo can be based either on chronological criteria (acute, recurrent or chronic vertigo) or on topographical criteria (peripheral or central vertigo). Physicians working in emergency departments must be able to rapidly identify patients with potentially serious forms of vertigo, which could cause death or disability, and patients with mild conditions, that can be effectively treated. Previous studies have shown that reliable diagnostic hypotheses can be generated by taking a proper clinical history (focused on the onset and duration of the disease, the circumstances causing the vertigo and associated otological or neurological symptoms) and performing an accurate physical examination (evaluation of neurological defects and spontaneous or provoked nystagmus), supplemented by few laboratory tests and diagnostic procedures. Therapy of vertigo in emergency settings is mainly symptomatic and based on sedation and use of vestibulo suppressant drugs. We submit a case report of a patient with acute headache and dizziness.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Emergency Medical Services , Dizziness/diagnosis , Dizziness/etiology , Vertigo/diagnosis , Vertigo/etiology
3.
Rev. chil. med. intensiv ; 22(1): 35-44, 2007. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-518945

ABSTRACT

El manejo de los pacientes con accidente isquémico transitorio (AIT) en los servicios de urgencia es muy variable, en algunas instituciones todos los pacientes son admitidos al hospital para su evaluación y tratamiento, y en otras se recomienda efectuar la evaluación en el ámbito ambulatorio. Definir el pronóstico a corto plazo y los factores de riesgo para desarrollar un accidente vascular encefálico después de un episodio de AIT nos permite identificar a los grupos de riesgo que necesitan ser admitidos al hospital porque requieren monitorización y evaluación inmediata. En la última década, el manejo de los pacientes con AIT ha sufrido cambios significativos que los médicos de los servicios de urgencia deben conocer e incorporar en sus protocolos de atención. En esta revisión se han actualizado algunos conceptos sobre tópicos específicos relacionados con el manejo de urgencia de pacientes con AIT: 1) La definición de AIT ha sido modificada, 2) Criterios diagnósticos de AIT, 3) Evaluación diagnóstica y tratamiento recomendado para el paciente con AIT, 4) Evaluación de los factores de riesgo que permiten orientar el lugar de manejo y el estudio de los enfermos. Para ilustrar el problema, se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente que consultó en el servicio de urgencia por síntomas neurológicos transitorios que no estaban presentes en el momento de la consulta.


Management of patients with acute transient ischemic attack (TIA) varies widely, with some institutions admitting all patients and others proceeding with outpatient evaluations. Defining the short-term prognosis and risk factors for stroke after TIA may provide guidance in determining which patients need rapid evaluation. In the past few years, the approach to patients with transient ischemic attacks has undergone a transformation. To care for these patients, emergency physicians must understand these changes. They must be comfortable with the diagnosis and treatment of transient ischemic attacks in their emergency department. To this end, we ask and answer the following important questions in this up-to-date review of transient ischemic attacks: 1) How is a transient ischemic attack defined?, 2) Does this patient have a transient ischemic attack?, 3) Once diagnosed, what diagnostic evaluation should be done (and when)?, 4) What treatment should be instituted (and when)? and 5) What is the correct disposition? We submit a case report of a patient who presented to the emergency physician completely asymptomatic with complaints of transient neurologic symptoms.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Ischemic Attack, Transient/complications , Ischemic Attack, Transient/diagnosis , Ischemic Attack, Transient/therapy , Emergencies , Stroke/prevention & control , Diagnosis, Differential , Risk Factors
4.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 134(2): 145-151, feb. 2006. ilus, tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-425961

ABSTRACT

Background: Acute appendicitis is the most common non obstetric surgical emergency during pregnancy. Aim: To asses our experience in the diagnosis and management of acute appendicitis occurring during pregnancy. Patients and methods: Data from all pregnant patients who were subjected to an appendectomy for a suspected acute appendicitis from January 1998 to December 2002, were retrospectively analyzed. All pathological, surgical, clinical records and the delivery outcome registry of each patient were reviewed. Results: Among 47,322 deliveries, 46 pregnant women aged 29±9 years and with a gestational age of 21±7 weeks, were operated because of a presumptive acute appendicitis. Forty (87%) had a histopathologically proven appendicitis; ten (25%) cases had a perforated appendix and 30 (75%) had a non-perforated appendicitis. Five (10.9%) patients had a negative laparotomy and one had a necrotic ovarian tumor. Patients with perforated and non perforated appendices had a similar lapse from the onset of symptoms to operation (69±45 and 50±34 hours respectively, NS) and a similar white cell count (15,667±3,707 and 13,006±5,206 cells/mm3, respectively, NS). Wound infection was the most common surgical complication in 15%. Seven (15%) patients had a premature delivery and there was one fetal death (2.2%). There were no pregnancy complications on negative appendectomy cases. Conclusions: Acute appendicitis continues to be a challenge in diagnosis and treatment during pregnancy. Maternal and fetal outcome was better than previously reported.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Appendectomy , Appendicitis/surgery , Pregnancy Complications/surgery , Appendicitis/diagnosis , Appendicitis/epidemiology , Chile/epidemiology , Gestational Age , Postoperative Complications , Retrospective Studies
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